Genetic Engineering Expalined: Process, Tools and Ethical Concerns For High School Biology

 

Introduction

Genetic Engineering is an exciting topic in which genetic engineers alter bacteria to produce valuable molecules that improve desirable traits, treat specific diseases, and even create entirely new organisms.

What is Genetic Engineering?

Genetic Engineering is also known as gene editing. It is the process of modification of the genetic material of an organism to introduce desirable traits or remove unwanted ones.

Process of Genetic Engineering

1. Identification of Target Gene.

The first step is to identify the gene that needs to be modified. Scientists locate the genes responsible for a particular trait, such as insulin production in humans.

2. Isolating the Gene

The next step is to cut the required gene's DNA sequence using specific enzymes known as restriction enzymes.

3. Inserting the Gene into the Vector

The carrier molecule that is used to transfer the desired gene into the host organism is known as a vector.

Now place that isolated gene into a vector, such as a plasmid or bacteriophage.

4. Transfer the Vector into the Host Organism

The vector, which carries the gene, is then placed into the host cells, such as E. coli.

5. Expression of Gene

When the gene is inside the host organism, scientists monitor its expression. If the new trait is expressed as expected, the genetically engineered organism is ready for practical application.

Extract the protein and purify it for therapeutic use.

Tools Required to Perform the Process of Genetic Engineering

For modification of DNA, scientists use various tools which are as follows:

1. CRISPR-Cas9

It is one of the most revolutionary tools in the process of genetic engineering. It is a more efficient, more accurate technique that uses the enzyme Cas-9 to edit genes

2. Restriction Enzymes

They are naturally occurring enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases. Bacteria produce these enzymes as a defense from invading viruses.  These enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences.

3.  DNA Ligase

This enzyme is used to repair broken DNA. It is used to attach new genes to the host DNA.

4. PCR

It is a technique used to make billions of copies of specific DNA samples for detailed study or experimentation.

5. Gel Electrophoresis

This is a separation technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering plays a significant role in various fields including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

1. Medicine

Production of genetically engineered insulin for diabetes patients

Treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis

Development of vaccines, such as those for COVID-19

2. Agriculture

Pesticide use is reduced by creating pest-resistant crops

Improving crop yield and nutritional value

Developing drought-resistant plants to cope with climate change

3. Environmental Science

Genetically engineered bacteria to clean up oil spills

Using modified plants to absorb heavy metals from polluted soil

Producing biodegradable plastics through genetically altered microorganisms

Ethical Concerns in Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering has multiple benefits but it also raises some ethical concerns, such as;

Genetic Modification in Humans

Genetic engineering modified the human genome to enhance intelligence and physical abilities. It raises significant ethical concerns.

Environmental Impact

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have raised concerns about their environmental impact. They could lead to biodiversity loss.

Religious and Cultural Beliefs

Genetic manipulation of organisms can be seen as interfering with natural processes and raises ethical objections in some cultures or religions.

Conclusion

Genetic engineering revolutionized science and medicine. It plays a consequential role in advancing the treatment of genetic disorders and improves human health, agriculture, and the environment. As technology advances, it also raises some ethical concerns. This comes with the responsibility to ensure that it is used safely and fairly.